Abstract
Education is a powerful social instrument and a pivotal factor that has tremendous potential to change the life patterns of humans in all segments irrespective of any gender discrimination. Unfortunately, gender discrimination is still a prevalent norm in most societies. In Pakistan, the situation is deteriorating day by day specifically in rural areas and has reached the nadir. Since the inception of Pakistan, exploitation in all facets is the fate of Pakistani women. By and large, the fundamental rights of females, which are granted by the constitution of Pakistan, are denied. Even in 20th-century females are treated as second sex and deprived educationally, socially, economically, and politically. Owing to the patriarchal culture which breeds orthodox mentality and resists strongly against any positive social change which fosters women's empowerment in the section of education particularly. In Pakistan, there have had numerous barricades in the way of educational empowerment of women. This paper is based on the social learning theory of Albert Bandura which discusses that social behaviors are more dominant. In that context, this study argues that women's education in Pakistan faced prominent challenges within the home (such as fear of harassment, fear of notoriety, child labour, approach to early marriage, misogynistic mindset, prefer to son's education, etc.) apart from outside home. This paper highlights endogenous and exogenous factors which are acting as acute obstacles in way of women's educational empowerment. This paper discusses the way forward drawn from the theoretical framework based on the results which are related to socio-economic and cultural factors that can assist to improve the opportunities and eradicate the barriers in women education.
Keyword(s)
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