Abstract
Liquefaction is hazardous for existing and new developments because the saturated loose sands lose their bearing capacity under shaking due to earthquake. In Pakistan, lesser database is available about the presence of liquefiable sands and local codes are also silent about its origination/mapping especially in Punjab Province. Historically, Punjab has been facing low to high intensity earthquakes. The developments on liquefiable sands faced numerous losses of lives and property after earthquakes in recent decades. An attempt has been made to evaluate liquefaction susceptibility of sand deposits in different districts of Punjab for future record in terms of mapping. There are lots of procedures available for analysis, identification and quantification of liquefaction potential of sands. The analysis is done based on two of the most recognized techniques i.e. Standard Penetration Test (SPT) parameter and grain size characteristic. Analysis resultant parameters like cyclic resistance ratio (CRR) and cyclic stress ratio (CSR) are plotted on the base curves available in literature about liquefiable sands. Based on analysis, a map is proposed for liquefiable sands in Punjab.
Keyword(s)
Sands, Liquefaction, Standard Penetration Test, Map, Grain Size Characteristics, Punjab, Pakistan